基于 Action Model 提供的 define_model_callbacks
和 Active Support 提供的 define_callbacks
方法,共生成十几个过滤器方法。
# ActiveRecord::Callbacks
define_model_callbacks :initialize, :find, :touch, :only => :after
define_model_callbacks :save, :create, :update, :destroy
# ActiveModel::Callbacks
define_callbacks :validation
# ActiveRecord::Transactions
define_callbacks :commit, :rollback
和 AbstractController::Callbacks::ClassMethods 用元编程生成过滤器的方法名,是两种手法(尽管最终都是基于 ActiveSupport::Callbacks).
是什么?
通过钩子的方式,影响对象的生命周期。
有哪些?
共 22 个:
CALLBACKS = [
:after_initialize, :after_find, :after_touch,
:before_save, :around_save, :after_save,
:before_create, :around_create, :after_create,
:before_update, :around_update, :after_update,
:before_destroy, :around_destroy, :after_destroy,
:before_validation, :after_validation,
:after_commit, :after_rollback,
:after_create_commit, :after_update_commit, :after_destroy_commit
]
怎么使用?
调用方式主要有以下几种:
1、3 用得最多,第 2 次之,还有一种方法不推荐(以字符串的形式传递),第 2 可以起到分离和复用的作用,但复杂度提高了,并且有其它实现手法可替代。
# 1 宏定义的方式,后面跟方法名进行调用
class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
before_destroy :delete_parents
private
def delete_parents
self.class.delete_all "parent_id = #{id}"
end
end
回调是针对单个 record 对象而言的。当传递给回调的参数是一个实例对象时,把当前 record 对象当做参数,传递并执行实例对象里和回调同名的方法。创建实例对象的时候,你也可以传递参数。
# 2 传递一个可回调对象
class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
before_save EncryptionWrapper.new
after_save EncryptionWrapper.new
after_initialize EncryptionWrapper.new
end
class EncryptionWrapper
def before_save(record)
record.credit_card_number = encrypt(record.credit_card_number)
end
def after_save(record)
record.credit_card_number = decrypt(record.credit_card_number)
end
alias_method :after_initialize, :after_save
private
def encrypt(value)
# Secrecy is committed
end
def decrypt(value)
# Secrecy is unveiled
end
end
# 2 传递一个可回调对象
class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
before_save EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
after_save EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
after_initialize EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
end
class EncryptionWrapper
def initialize(attribute)
@attribute = attribute
end
def before_save(record)
record.send("#{@attribute}=", encrypt(record.send("#{@attribute}")))
end
def after_save(record)
record.send("#{@attribute}=", decrypt(record.send("#{@attribute}")))
end
alias_method :after_initialize, :after_save
private
def encrypt(value)
# Secrecy is committed
end
def decrypt(value)
# Secrecy is unveiled
end
end
# 3 以类方法的形式,传递一个 block
class Napoleon < ActiveRecord::Base
before_destroy { logger.info "Josephine..." }
before_destroy do
# some code
end
# ...
end
抽取封装回调方法
覆盖方法名,重新定义方法内容(注意:这里定义的是实例方法啊,内容不会被执行,其它类再继承才能执行!)
# 1
class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
def before_destroy() destroy_author end
end
class Reply < Topic
def before_destroy() destroy_readers end
end
# 2
class PictureFileCallbacks
def after_destroy(picture_file)
if File.exist?(picture_file.filepath)
File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
end
end
end
class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
after_destroy PictureFileCallbacks.new
end
# 3
class PictureFileCallbacks
def self.after_destroy(picture_file)
if File.exist?(picture_file.filepath)
File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
end
end
end
class PictureFile < ActiveRecord::Base
after_destroy PictureFileCallbacks
end
怎么取消后面的回调?
在方法里返回 false
如何理解 around
用 around_save 举例:
def around_save
# 类似 before save ...
yield # 执行 save
# 类似 after save ...
end
一个生命周期为一个事务(BEGIN...COMMIT)
如果没有特殊操作,一个生命周期里,对数据库的操作是在同一个“事务”里进行的。所以,如果中间的失败,返回 false
那么后续操作,甚至前面的操作都会失败。
开发里,可以在控制台或日志里查看 BEGIN...COMMIT 之间的增删查改语句,确保同一个事务里您的操作是预期的。